Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Mediastinal Mass (Suspected)
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This pathway provides guidance on the imaging investigation of an adult patient with a mediastinal mass.
Date reviewed: January 2012
Date of next review: January 2015
Published: January 2012
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The relative radiation level (RRL) of each imaging investigation is displayed in the pop up box.
| SYMBOL | RRL | EFFECTIVE DOSE RANGE |
 | None | 0 |
 | Minimal | < 1 millisieverts |
 | Low | 1-5 mSv |
 | Medium | 5-10 mSv |
 | High | >10 mSv |
Images
Image GalleryNote: These images open in a new page | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1a |  |
Thymoma Image 1a and 1b (Plain Radiographs, PA and Lateral): A large circumscribed mass is seen arising from the mediastinum and projecting over the right hilum. The lateral confirms its location in the anterior mediastinum (arrow). Histological assessment revealed a thymoma. |
| 1b |  |
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| 2 |  |
Retrosternal Goitre Image 2 (Plain Radiograph): There is a large circumscribed opacity projected over the superior mediastinum and over the right upper lung zone (arrow) displacing the trachea to the left (arrowhead). The features suggest a large retrosternal goitre. |
| 3a |  |
Retrosternal Goitre Image 3a and 3b (Computed Tomography): The right lobe of the thyroid is considerably enlarged with retrosternal extension and deviation of the trachea to the left (arrows). There are a few mediastinal nodes which measure around 1cm in the short axis. |
| 3b |  |
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| 4a |  |
Multinodular (Colloid) Goitre
Image 4a: Post-mortem specimen showing bilaterally enlarged thyroid lobes with coarse nodularity externally in keeping with a multinodular goitre. |
| 4b |  |
Image 4b (H&E, x2.5): Histological section of a multinodular goitre showing the usual features of variously sized, colloid-containing follicles lined by uniform epithelial cells, patchy areas of haemorrhage and fibrosis. |
Teaching Points
Teaching Points
- CT of the chest is the imaging modality of choice in the assessment of a suspected mediastinal mass
- Often based on CT characteristics of the mass, a diagnosis can be made
- In cases of diagnostic uncertainty, further imaging with MRI or PET scan (particularly if there is a high clinical suspicion of malignancy) may be warranted
angio
Angiography
- Largely rendered unnecessary by contrast CT and MRI 1
- Useful in the evaluation of vascular lesions (aneurysm, haemangioma, and arteriovenous malformation) and to clarify vascular invasion by tumour masses 1
- May be used to determine the blood supply in large masses of questionable origin prior to surgery 1
- Role in the embolisation of highly vascular lesions prior to surgery 1
biopsy
Biopsy
- As mediastinal masses may represent metastatic disease, biopsy can be vital for making a definitive diagnosis and guiding further management. The best method for biopsy depends on the location of the mass and adjacent structures 12
- The vast majority of transthoracic image-guided biopsies are performed percutaneously using CT guidance. Complications may include bleeding and pneumothorax. Up to 10% of patients require the placement of a catheter post-biopsy for evacuation of a pneumothorax 13
- Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a relatively recent method of imaging the mediastinum, and is performed during endoscopy. In particular, it can accurately image the aortopulmonary window, subcarinal nodes, inferior and posterior mediastinum, which on CT, may not be clearly seen or may miss small lymph nodes 13,14
- EUS may be used to guide fine needle aspiration of mediastinal masses. This procedure involves the use of ultrasound guidance to acquire mediastinal lymph node samples through the oesophagus during endoscopy. It can be performed under local anaesthetic, and has a very low complication rate (0.5-2.3%), with negligible risk of infection or bleeding 14
- In a recent meta-analysis of 76 studies (9310 patients), the sensitivity and specificity of EUS alone was 84.7% & 84.6%, respectively. When combined with FNA, the sensitivity and specificity of EUS-FNA was improved to 88.0% & 96.4%, respectively 14
- Hirdes et al. found that even in low volume EUS centres, EUS-FNA of mediastinal lymphadenopathy changed management in 84% of cases and reduced total diagnostic costs 15
- Another recent development is endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and EBUS transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA). This technique utilises a specialised bronchoscope with an integrated convex ultrasound transducer at its distal end. The ultrasound can be used to evaluate masses within and adjacent to the airway, and allow for real-time guided biopsy 13,16
- Yasufuku et al. used EBUS-TBNA to investigate patients with mediastinal masses of unknown aetiology. They found that EBUS-TBNA was diagnostic in 131/140 patients (93.6%), and altered management for 112/140 patients (80%). It was also well tolerated, with no recorded complications 17
- With further development of these techniques, EUS-FNA and EBUS-TBNA may allow for complete access to all mediastinal lymph nodes 13
ct
Computed Tomography (CT)
- Imaging modality of choice for evaluation of a suspected mediastinal mass 1,2
- Provides useful information in regards to 1,3
- Location of the mass (anterior, posterior, middle mediastinum)
- CT characteristics of the mass (fat, fluid, solid)
- Likely origin (neural, oesophagus, airways, nodes etc)
- Mode of extension or spread
- Measurement of CT density increases the specificity of differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses 1,3
- Lesions that may contain fluid-density areas include goitres, thymic cysts, thymomas, teratomas, lymphomas, necrotic nodes from inflammatory or malignant causes, pericardial cysts, bronchogenic and oesophageal duplication cysts. Low-density appearance may also be produced by lesions that contain fat, such as thymolipomas and teratomas
- Lesions containing calcifications include goitres, thymomas, lymphomas (usually treated), carcinoid tumours, inflammatory masses (tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, rarely sarcoid), aneurysms, occasional neurogenic tumours of the ganglion series, and oesophageal leiomyomas
- Contrast enhancement on CT scan helps narrow the radiographic differential diagnosis and provides clinically significant information on compression, encasement, or obstruction of mediastinal vessels. Lesions showing significant enhancement after contrast injection include goitres, parathyroid adenomas, Castleman's disease, vascular lesions, paragangliomas, and some metastases 1
- Further investigation/management will depend on the above CT findings 1
- Advantages of CT (compared to MRI) 4,5
- Spatial resolution
- Detection of calcification and bone destruction
- Screening of lung, liver and adrenal metastases in a single study
- Useful in guiding needle aspiration biopsy of masses
- Wider availability
- Disadvantages
- Exposure to ionising radiation
- Involves use of contrast agent
mri
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Largely used as an adjunct to CT scanning in the evaluation of mediastinal abnormalities 6
- Often provides additional information about the nature, location, and extent of disease 7
- Useful in confirming the cystic nature of mediastinal lesions that appear solid on CT, and by revealing small amounts of intralesional fat, can suggest the diagnosis of haemangioma, teratoma, or extramedullary haematopoiesis 6
- Preferred modality for imaging neurogenic tumours which account for 75% of posterior mediastinal masses 6,10,11
- Advantages 6
- Multiplanar imaging
- High contrast resolution
- Does not involve use of contrast agent
- Disadvantages - limited availability and high expense
pet
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- In general malignant tumours have a higher rate of metabolism compared to normal tissue and benign tumours which is reflected in the amount of FDG uptake 8
- Largely used as an adjunct to CT scanning in the evaluation of mediastinal abnormalities and provides additional information about the metabolism and extent of disease
- Sensitivity and specificity for differentiating benign from malignant lesions ranges from 90% to 95% 8
- In patients with lymphoma, FDG PET was able to diagnose hilar/medistinal involvement with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 94% 9
- Disadvantages - limited availability and relatively high expense
References
References
References are graded from Level I to V according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Levels of Evidence. Download the document
- Moore EH. Radiologic evaluation of mediastinal masses. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1992;2(1):1-22. (Review article)
- Wright CD, Mathisen DJ. Mediastinal tumors: diagnosis and treatment. World J Surg. 2001;25:204-9. (Review article)
- Feigin DS, Padua EM. Mediastinal masses: a system for diagnosis based on computed tomography. J Comput Tomogr. 1986;10:11-21. (Review article)
- Gamsu G, Stark DD, Webb WR, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of benign mediastinal masses. Radiology. 1984;151:709-13. (Level IV evidence)
- Levitt RG, Glazer HS, Roper CL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of mediastinal and hilar masses: comparison with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;145:9-14. (Level III evidence)
- Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Donnelly LF, et al. MR imaging of mediastinal masses. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2000;8(1):59-89. (Review article)
- Von Schulthess GK, McMurdo K, Tscholakoff D, et al. Mediastinal masses: MR imaging. Radiology. 1986;158:289-96. (Level III evidence)
- Gupta N, Gill H, Graeber G, Bishop H, Hurst J, Stephens T. Dynamic positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose imaging in differentiation of benign from malignant lung/mediastinal lesions. Chest. 1998;114:1105-11. (Level III evidence)
- Bangerter M, Kotzerke J, Griesshammer M, Elsner K, Reske SN, Bergmann L. Positron emission tomography with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose in the staging and follow-up of lymphoma in the chest. Acta Oncologica. 1999;38:799-804. (Level III evidence)
- Strollo DC, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Jett JR. Primary mediastinal tumours: part II. Tumours of the middle and posterior mediastinum. Chest. 1997;112:1344-57. (Review article)
- Laurent F, Latrabe V, Lecesne R, Zennaro H, Airaud JY, Rauturier JF, Drouillard J. Mediastinal masses: diagnostic approach. Eur Radiol. 1998;8:1148-59. (Review article)
- American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: biopsies of thoracic nodules and masses [document on the Internet]. 1996 [updated 2011]. (Review article). View the reference
- Detterbeck FC, Jantz MA, Wallace M, Vansteenkiste J, Silvestri GA; American College of Chest Physicians. Invasive mediastinal staging of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132(3 Suppl):202S-220S. (Guidelines)
- Puli SR, Batapati Krishna Reddy J, Bechtold ML, Ibdah JA, Antillon D, Singh S, Olyaee M, Antillon MR. Endoscopic ultrasound: it's accuracy in evaluating mediastinal lymphadenopathy? A meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 200821;14(19):3028-37. (Level II evidence)
- Hirdes MM, Schwartz MP, Tytgat KM, Schlösser NJ, Sie-Go DM, Brink MA, et al. Performance of EUS-FNA for mediastinal lymphadenopathy: impact on patient management and costs in low-volume EUS centers. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(9):2260-7. (Level III evidence)
- Sheski FD, Mathur PN. Endobronchial ultrasound. Chest. 2008;133(1):264-70. (Review article)
- Yasufuku K, Nakajima T, Fujiwara T, Yoshino I, Keshavjee S. Utility of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal masses of unknown etiology. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(3):831-6. (Level III evidence).
Further Reading
- Kim Y, Lee KS, Yoo JH, et al. Middle mediastinal lesions: imaging findings and pathologic correlation. Eur J Radiol. 2000;35:30-8. (Review article)
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